“Money is a game. If you know the rules, you win; if you don’t know the rules, you don’t win”
- Robert Allen
Income can be categorised into 3 broad types:
1) Active (earned) income;
2) Passive income and;
3) Portfolio income.
Most people are familiar with only one type of income, that is, active income.
However, it is often the second and third types of income, passive income and portfolio income, that will help us accumulate wealth. That is perhaps one of the reasons there is a widening rich-poor divide? The rich knows the rules of the money game and concentrate their efforts on building passive and portfolio income streams.
In his book “Multiple Streams Of Income”, Robert Allen says that in order to be financially secure, a person needs to build multiple income streams, in the form of passive and portfolio income.
What are the differences between these 3 types of income?
Active income:
This is the type of income we earn as employees or self-employed (eg. a hawker). We exchange our efforts and time for money. The moment we stop working, our income stream gets cut off (aka. the rat race).
Passive income:
This is the type of income we get when we do the work once but get paid many times over. For example:
i) An author writes a book once and get paid royalties for many years, for every book that is being sold (eg. Robert Allen);
ii) An artiste performs once and have the performance recorded and made into CDs and VCDs, screened in cinemas and televisions, and get paid royalties for many years (eg. Michael Jackson);
iii) An entrepreneur builds a business system and, instead of doing all the work himself, he hires others (employees or other small business owners) to work for him.
Portfolio income:
This is the type of investment income we earn when we own securities, such as stocks and bonds. We get paid interests or dividends. There is also a potential for capital gains.
Have you been building your passive and portfolio income?
I don’t own any life insurance policy save for the NTUC Medishield which I bought using CPF money.
Life insurance policies can be broadly divided into 2 main types, namely particpating policies and non-participating policies.
A participating policy is an insurance policy that participates in the profits of the insurance fund, for example a Whole Life Policy or an Endowment Policy. They typically pay a yearly “bonus” or dividend.
A Non-Participating Policy is an insurance policy that does not participate in the profits of the insurance fund, typically a renewable term insurance policy.
Here are the reasons I don’t buy participating insurance policies:
1) The premiums are too high;
2) The insurer may cease operation or go bankrupt;
3) I don’t believe in “forced savings” for the following reasons:
a) If I become unemployed, or am unable to service the monthly premium for whatever reason, I stand to lose up to 90% or more of the premiums I’ve already paid, especially during the first few years upon purchasing the policy;
b) The “bonuse rates” or dividend rates of participating insurance policies (eg. whole life or endowment) are non-guaranteed. Furthermore, the rates are unattractive to me;
d) If I should need to withdraw the money prematurely for whatever reason, I may not be able to do so without a paying a heavy penalty. To surrender the policy would mean I stand to lose up to 90% or more of the premiums I’ve paid. To borrow against the policy doesn’t make sense to me since I will have to pay interest for borrowing against my own “savings”;
4) Most participating insurance policies only pay the insured upon what is known as a “total and permanent disability”, which typically means I only get paid if I lost two of my eyes, arms or legs. What if I lost one arm, one eye or one leg? I don’t get paid at all, even though the “partial” disability can be just as devastating financially. Needless to say, it’s many times more likely for a person to sustain partial disability than “total and permanent disability”. Meanwhile I still have to continue servicing the insurance premiums on top of the medical bills I’ll have to pay out of my own pocket. Of course, I can add a “rider” to cover the partial disability but that would mean I’ve to pay a higher premium. A term insurance policy would be a much cheaper and better choice to insure against a partial disability. Also, an insurance rider to cover “critical illnesses” typically pays only upon the end stage of an illness, for example, the end stage of cancer. That means I won’t be paid the moment my illness is diagnosed. Meanwhile I’ll still have to pay my medical bills and continue servicing the insurance premiums.
Investment-linked Policies (ILPs) are essentially professionally managed investment funds (can be likened to Unit Trusts) that comes with insurance benefits. Studies have shown that the majority of professionally managed investment funds consistently underperform market indices over long periods. I would rather invest the money myself or buy ETFs instead.
In my opinion, an insurance policy is a lousy vehicle to save money. Insurance can and should be used solely for insuring against unexpected medical expenses.
For such a purpose I would rather buy a non-participating, plain vanilla term insurance policy, which comes with the following benefits:
i) A much lower premium than a participating policy;
ii) I can stop paying the premium any time I want with minimum penalty;
iii) I can get a much more comprehensive insurance coverage at a much lower price.
I’ve often heard stories about people who over-commit to expensive life insurance policies only to give up halfway resulting in financial loss which often adds up to a few thousand dollars or more. In fact I myself was one of the “victims” in my younger days. =) I hope that readers of my blog would be able to avoid the costly mistakes I myself and many others have made.
You may want to read more insurance related articles in Mr Tan Kin Lian’s blog.
Here are some of the reasons I don’t usually give or ask for stock tips:
(1) The tip-giver may be wrong;
(2) The tip-giver may change his mind about a particular stock. For example, the prospect of the underlying company may change, for better or for worse;
(3) The third reason, perhaps the most important reason, is that for an investor to do well, he must have the correct attitude and mindset toward investing.
I believe in “self-reliance”, no matter what I invest in. I only invest in things that I understand. It doesn’t matter that there are very few things I understand, as long as I stay within my circle of competence. As time goes by, my circle of competence expands.
It’s important that I do my own research and decide for myself which company or what financial instrument I want to invest in.
The greatest investor of all time, Warren Buffett, once said that if a person cannot stand to see share prices drop by 50%, that person has no business investing.
That means an investor should do his own research. It also means he should stay away from leverage.
If I had done my own research, that alone will give me the confidence to hold on to a company I had just bought if the share price drops by 50%. That is if my research shows that the company is worth more than the price I had initially paid. I will be in a better position to decide the action, if any, that I should take.
In my experience, stock markets often behave in an irrational manner in the short to medium term. An undervalued company can become even more undervalued a few weeks or a few months later and vice versa. A rational investor can take advantage of such price actions.
An astute investor can often tell, with a high degree of accuracy, that a particular company is worth “much more” than a particular per-share price. The difficulty lies in the fact that most of the time, it is almost impossible to predict whether the company will continue to be undervalued or become even more undervalued in the short to medium term. In the longer term the share price will rise to reflect the intrinsic value of the company.
Trading or market timing can be highly profitable in certain situations but for most people the surest and easiest way to make a profit is to ignore the short term volatility and invest for the long term.
“An effective zero percent interest rate, as a price for hiding in a foxhole, is prohibitive“
– Bill Gross
I believe we’re in the early stage of a super boom in asset prices, thanks to a stabilizing economy and an expansion in money supply around the world.
China had gone shopping all over the world for resources it knows it will need as the economy recovers, as well as to diversify away from the US dollar.
I’m expecting commodity and asset prices in general to go much higher over the next decade.
The credit contraction due to the “subprime” crisis has temporarily suppressed commodity prices and caused commodity producers to delay their projects which had suddenly become unprofitable. This will lead to a supply bottleneck as the economy recovers and demand starts picking up.
The unprecedented monetary expansion around the world will inevitably lead to much higher inflation rate which will be reflected in higher asset prices.
There’s a lot of money on the sideline waiting to get out of cash and into higher-yielding assets.
As Bill Gross has highlighted in his recent commentary, there are over $4 trillion dollars in the money market funds with a yield of “close to nothing”. That’s in the US alone. Bill noted that such prohibitively low interest rate will “force or entice investors to term out their short-term cash into higher-risk bonds or stocks”.
There’s also a huge amount of private funds and sovereign wealth funds on the sideline which will be chasing after higher-yielding assets as the economy recovers.
I’m therefore fully invested, particularly in commodity-related companies including oil, mining and agriculture. My portfolio is concentrated in companies that have businesses in China, Australia and emerging markets. I am particularly excited about the growth prospects of emerging markets as well as resource-rich countries like Australia, Canada and Brazil.
“If a man be lucky, there is no foretelling the possible extent of his good fortune. Pitch him into the Euphrates and like as not he will swim out with a pearl in his hand”
- Babylonian Proverb, P.55, The Richest Man In Babylon.
The Richest Man In Babylon, authored by George Samuel Clason, is by far the most important personal finance book I’ve read.
It’s written in the form of parables set in ancient Babylon. It espouses thrift, hard work and prudent investing.
The book addresses issues such as:
1) Why most people don’t seem to have enough money to spend even though they are hardworking, while others are able to accumulate wealth even though they are neither more hardworking nor more intelligent than average;
2) Why most people lost money whenever they invest, while a relatively few people are able to make money in whatever they invest in;
3) Why are some people always lucky? Is there a way to attract good luck?
Other topics discussed in the book are:
a) How to eliminate debt;
b) How to accumulate, protect and grow your wealth;
c) How to invest profitably and safely;
d) How to avoid the common pitfalls of investing.
Chapter Summary:
• 1.1 Chapter One: The Man Who Desired Gold
• 1.2 Chapter Two: The Richest Man in Babylon
• 1.3 Chapter Three: Seven Cures for a Lean Purse
o 1.3.1 The First Cure: Start thy purse to fattening
o 1.3.2 The Second Cure: Control thy expenditures
o 1.3.3 The Third Cure: Make thy Gold Multiply
o 1.3.4 The Fourth Cure: Guard thy treasure from loss
o 1.3.5 The Fifth Cure: Make of thy dwelling a Profitable Investment
o 1.3.6 The Sixth Cure: Insure a Future Income
o 1.3.7 The Seventh Cure: Increase thy Ability to Earn
• 1.4 Chapter Four: Meet the Goddess of Good Luck
• 1.5 Chapter Five: The Five Laws of Gold
• 1.6 Chapter Six: The Gold Lender of Babylon
• 1.7 Chapter Seven: The Walls of Babylon
• 1.8 Chapter Eight: The Camel Trader of Babylon
• 1.9 Chapter Nine: The Clay Tablets from Babylon
• 1.10 Chapter Ten: The Luckiest Man in Babylon
• 1.11 Chapter Eleven: A Historical Sketch of Babylon
I read the book many years ago and it’s philosophies have benefited me tremendously.
In fact, the book had changed my spending habit and my attitude toward money. I’ve become much more confident in handling my finances and I’ve also become a better investor. In my opinion this is a “must read” book for anyone who is interested in personal finance.
Do you have any personal finance or investment book to recommend?
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